Типи словників: паралельні, тлумачні, синонімічні, фразеологічні тощо / Types of dictionaries: parallel, explanatory, the dictionary of synonyms, phraseological dictionaries
Типи словників: паралельні, тлумачні, синонімічні, фразеологічні тощо / Types of dictionaries: parallel, explanatory, the dictionary of synonyms, phraseological dictionaries.
You cannot translate words in isolation. Words get their meaning from how they are used in each situation - what we call their context. You must do a contextual translation. You should use a bilingual dictionary where one is available, but be careful when looking up translations for individual words. Dictionaries are useful, but there is very often more than one translation for individual words. The best dictionary is one which defines the word in its various contexts. For example, a simple English word like "skip" has several quite different meanings. It can mean any of the following, depending on the context: to move lightly, especially by jumping from one foot to another; to omit or leave something out; to deal with something quickly and without much thought; a large container for transporting building materials, especially waste. It can even be short for "skipper", the captain of a ship or sports team. You can see that using the wrong translation of "skip" could have some unfortunate results.
Listen to the little voice in your head if it tells you that a translation seems strange. It is better to ask advice than to write something silly. You may not know all the uses for each word, especially slang words which you cannot find in dictionaries. For example, mechanics often refer to an adjustable spanner as a "monkey wrench", when it has nothing to do with monkeys.
Main types of English dictionaries.
ENCYCLOPAEDIC AND LINGUISTIC DICTIONARIES.
TYPES OF LINGUISTIC DICTIONARIES.
Criteria for classification:
a. The nature of word lists: general (unrestricted) and restricted dictionaries.
b. The kind of information: explanatory, translation, pronouncing , etymological, ideographicdictionaries, etc.
c. The language in which the information is given: Monolingual vs bilingual dictionaries.
c. The prospective user, e.g. advanced learners of English; children, students, etc.
Example: A.P.Cowie, R. Mackin. Oxford dictionary of Current Idiomatic English. Vol.1. Verbswith prepositions and particles. Oxford University Press, 1975.
1. Explanatory dictionaries. Deal with the form, usage and meaning of lexical units. Synchronicvs diachronic presentation of word meanings: from basic to derived vs from historically earlierto those that appeared later, e.g. table ‘a piece of furniture’ / ‘a slab of stone’.
2 Translation dictionaries.The New English-Russian Dictionary.(In 3 vols.) Ed. ByE.M.Mednikova&Ju.D.Apresjan.(250 000 words; V.K.Muller.English-Russian Dictionary.53000 words; A.M.Taube, A.V.Litvinova, A.D.Miller, R.S.Daglish.
3 Specialized dictionaries.
a. Phraseological dictionaries. Dictionaries published abroad contain all sorts of“anomalies”: idioms, colloquial word groups, proverbs. An Anglo-Russian PhraseologicalDictionary by A.V.Koonin.
b. Pharasal verbs dictionaries. Longman Dictionary of Phrasal verbs.
c. New Words dictionaries. The Barnhart Dictionary of New English (1st ed. L. 1973).
d. Slang dictionaries. Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English by E.Partridge; TheDictionary of American Slang by H.Wentworth and S.B.Flexner.
e. Usage dictionaries : give advice to native learners about what is right and what is wrong.
Dictionary of Usage and Abusage by E.Partridge: the difference between words, e.g. daily vsdiurnal; restrictions on the usage of certain words, e.g. responsible should be restricted tohuman beings; the meaning of “difficult” words.
g. Pronouncing dictionaries: record variants of contemporary pronunciation. English
Pronouncing Dictionary by Daniel Jones.
h. Etymological dictionaries: The word’s primary meaning; the immediate source of borrowing and its origin. Etymological English Dictionary by W.W.Skeat.
i. Ideographic dictionaries. P.M. Roget’s Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases.
A new parameter: The form of the dictionaries: ‘hard’ dictionaries and ‘soft’ (electronic) dictionaries, e.g.Linguo, Multitran. Electronic encyclopaedias.
Тема 11. Словники зі спеціальних галузей знань / Dictionaries from specific fields of knowledge
A language for specific purposes (LSP) dictionary is a dictionary that intends to describe a variety of one or more languages used by experts within a particular subject field. The discipline that deals with LSP dictionaries is usually called specialised lexicography and is a branch of lexicography.
Different types of LSP dictionary
According to Nielsen 1994, LSP dictionaries may cover one language (monolingual LSP dictionaries) or two languages (bilingual LSP dictionaries), and occasionally more languages. An LSP dictionary that attempts to cover as much of the vocabulary in a subject field as possible is called a maximizing dictionary, and an LSP dictionary that attempts to cover a limited number of terms within a subject field is called a minimizing dictionary.
Also, Nielsen 1994 distinguishes between the following types of dictionaries: An LSP dictionary that covers more than one subject field is called a multi-field dictionary, an LSP dictionary that covers one subject field (e.g. a dictionary of law) is called a single-field dictionary, and an LSP dictionary that covers part of a subject field (e.g. a dictionary of contract law) is called a sub-field dictionary.
LSP dictionaries are generally written by experts for other experts, who may be experts in their technical or scientific field, but who are not experts in specialized lexicography.
We shall now examine how LSP dictionaries deal with this issue. The example chosen is the term aquifer, a natural concept which has an important functional component. Its capacity of holding water is actually the feature that distinguishes it from other similar or coordinate concepts. In Table (1), we show the definitions of this term from various glossaries and dictionaries classified according to the type of information conveyed:
Aquifer [´ᴂkwifᶕ] – n геолог. водоносний шар (горизонт)
Construction Term Glossary
1. Strata [GENUS] of porous permeable rock or soil [MATERIAL]that is capable of holding a large quantity of water [FUNCTION].
Life Science Dictionary
2. A subsurface [LOCATION] layer [GENUS] of rock [MATERIAL] permeable by water. Although gravel, sand, sandstone and limestone [MATERIAL2] are the best conveyers of water [FUNCTION], the bulk of the earth's rock is composed of clay, shale and crystalline
[MATERIAL3].
3. A saturated permeable material [GENUS] (often sand, gravel, sandstone or limestone) [MATERIAL] that contains or carries groundwater [FUNCTION]
4. An underground [LOCATION], water-bearing [FUNCTION] layer [GENUS] of earth, porous rock, sand, or gravel [MATERIAL], through which water can seep or be held in natural storage [FUNCTION]. Aquifers generally hold sufficient water to be used as a water supply [FUNCTION 2].
Glossary of Technical Terms: Office of Underground Storage Tanks
5. A geologic formation [GENUS] capable of transmitting significant quantities of groundwater [FUNCTION] under normal hydraulic gradients.
6. A geologic formation, group of formations or part of a formation [GENUS] that contains saturated permeable material [MATERIAL] that yields sufficient, economical quantities of groundwater [FUNCTION].
A Dictionary of Technical and Legal Terms Related to Drinking Water
7. A natural underground [LOCATION] layer [GENUS] of porous, water-bearing [FUNCTION] materials sand, gravel) [MATERIAL] usually capable of yielding a large amount or supply of water [FUNCTION 2].
Drinking Water Glossary
8. A natural underground [LOCATION] layer [GENUS], often of sand or gravel [MATERIAL], that contains water [FUNCTION].
Guide to Environmental Issues: Glossary of Terms & Acronyms
9. A water-bearing [FUNCTION] layer [GENUS] of rock (including gravel and sand) [MATERIAL] that will yield water in usable quantity to a well or spring [FUNCTION 2].
Ecoview Glossary
10. An underground [LOCATION] bed or stratum [GENUS] of earth, gravel or porous stone
[MATERIAL] that contains water [FUNCTION].
Terms of Environment: Glossary, Abbreviations, and Acronyms
11. An underground [LOCATION] geological formation, or group of formations, [GENUS] containing water [FUNCTION]. Are sources of groundwater for wells and springs [FUNCTION 2].
Defining Our Terms: a Superfund Glossary
12. An underground [LOCATION] rock [MATERIAL] formation [GENUS] composed of sand, soil, gravel, or porous rock [MATERIAL 2] that can store and supply groundwater to wells and springs [FUNCTION].
General Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus: European Environment Agency
13. Layers [GENUS] of rock, sand or gravel [MATERIAL] that can absorb water and allow it to flow [FUNCTION]. An aquifer acts as a groundwater [LOCATION] reservoir [FUNCTION] when the underlying rock is impermeable. This may be tapped by wells for domestic, agricultural or industrial use [FUNCTION 2]. A serious environmental problem arises when the aquifer is contaminated by the seepage of sewage or toxins from waste dumps. If the groundwater in coastal areas is over-used salt water can seep into the aquifer.
UST Terminology Explained
14. Geological formation, group of formations, or part of a formation [GENUS] that is capable of yielding a significant amount of water to a well or spring [FUNCTION]
Glossary: Office of Solid Waste
15. Underground [LOCATION] layer [GENUS] of rock or sand [MATERIAL] that stores water
[FUNCTION]. Humans use wells to get drinking water [FUNCTION 2] from aquifers.
Water Science Glossary of Terms
16. A geologic formation(s) [GENUS] that is water bearing [FUNCTION]. A geological formation or structure [GENUS] that stores [FUNCTION] and/or transmits water, such as to wells and springs [FUNCTION 2]. Use of the term is usually restricted to those water-bearing formations [GENUS] capable of yielding water [FUNCTION] in sufficient quantity to constitute a usable supply for people's uses [FUNCTION 3].